Cheng Samuel MS, Leung Nancy HL, Shiu Eunice Y, Wo. Population immunity, post-vaccine and post-infection antibody responses to influenza A (H3N2) subclade J.2 and K (J.2.4.1) viruses, Hong Kong, 2025. Euro Surveill. 2026;31(10):pii=2600185
We assessed haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titres against 2025 influenza A(H3N2) J.2 vaccine reference viruses and the novel subclade K (J.2.4.1) in age-stratified Hong Kong sera (collected May-July 2025), vaccine recipients and sera from virologically confirmed subclade J.2.2 or K infections. In contrast to mono-specific ferret sera, human sera with high J.2 HAI titres cross-reacted strongly with subclade K. Recombinant haemagglutinin- or egg-based standard dose J.2 A(H3N2) vaccines boosted geometric mean titres to K virus 5.6-fold and 2.6-fold, respectively.
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