Assessment of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies Induction Against H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b by Prior Seasonal Influenza Immunization in Retail Workers

This study evaluated whether immunity from seasonal influenza induces cross-reactive antibodies against recent avian and bovine H5N1 strains in serum from retail workers. Despite strong neutralizing activity against seasonal strains, no cross-reactivity against H5N1 was detected, emphasizing the need to assess broader immune responses and targeted vaccines for H5N1 viruses.